Harar Jugol became an independent emirate in the 17th century until it was invaded by Egypt in 1875. From the late 16th century to the 19th century Harar Jugol was an important trade centre between the coast and the interior highlands and a location for Islamic learning. Local culture flourished, known for coffee, weaving, basketry and bookbinding, also home to many poets. It was between 15 that Harar served as the capital of the Harari Kingdom in what is known as Harar’s ‘Golden Age’. The historic Harar Jugol Walls were built during the 13th and 16th centuries, fortifying the town. The Islamic Arabic cleric Abadir Umar ar-Rida settled in Harar, located on a plateau surrounded by deep gorges and savannah, around 1216 AD. The area of Haar Jugol emerged as the centre of Islamic culture and religion during the Middle Ages. The most intact elements of the historic town of Harar Jugol are said to lie in the eastern and south-eastern part of the walled town. Today, Harar Jugol is a UNESCO World Heritage site, best known for its distinctive and well preserved historic townhouses which reflect its cultural heritage, particularly those of African and Islamic traditions. It served as a vital trade route from the late 16th to 19th centuries and is also said to be the fourth holiest city of Islam, boasting 3 mosques from the 10th century and an impressive 82 mosques overall. Harar Jugol, also known simply as Harar, was an important 16th century capital and remains an important fortified historic town in Ethiopia.
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